Example of Legal Formal Letter †Law (200 Level Course)

Case of Legal Formal Letter †Law (200 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Case of Legal Formal Letter Law (200 Level Course) To the responsible party in question, The present law in Indiana when concerning joint guardianship is that joint care requires a court to consider whether joint legitimate or physical care, or both, would be to the greatest advantage of the kid at whatever point the court decides youngster authority in disintegration of marriage cases. Requires the court to think about certain important elements when making the joint guardianship assurance. Requires the court to arrange joint lawful or physical authority, or both, at whatever point the court finds that the honor would be to the greatest advantage of the youngster. (Under current law, it is discretionary whether a court thinks about an honor of joint authority.) HOUSE BILL No. 1026. I for one feel that joint legitimate authority ought to be possible in Indiana. I do accept that until it is demonstrated in court that one parent isn't up to the principles the two guardians ought to reserve the privilege to settle on choices together with respect to their youngsters. I feel that it makes the guardians set their disparities aside in exertion to speak with one another to the greatest advantage of the youngster. It additionally shows the youngster that not one parent has more force than the other. A youngster merits a mother and a dad in their lives. With this neither one of the parents can utilize the kid as influence in their own displeasure towards the other parent. By making the guardians cooperate it makes a consistent stream of correspondence and abandons saying that two guardians are superior to one. Respects, StudentXYZ Research Papers on Example of Legal Formal Letter - Law (200 Level Course)Personal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoOpen Architechture a white paperCapital PunishmentHip-Hop is ArtStandardized TestingPETSTEL examination of IndiaThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Case Study †An Ethical Dilemma Essay

Jackie, a youthful star with a noticeable voice who gets got by an expert account mark subsequent to performing at a national ability rivalry. Overpowered with fervor, thinks it is a fantasy worked out as expected to begin a profession with a worthwhile agreement. Meets and has a personal experience with her prospective chief, Kevin. Months pass by as their relationship thrives however soon she begins to hear gossipy tidbits that Kevin has helped another young lady in the lawful division get her position tossed their very own relations. Jackie has doubts that Kevin might be having other more profound connections with this new young lady. Jackie’s doubts end up being valid and she is crushed. She clearly severs the relationship with Kevin yet can't stand to lose him as her supervisor. Time passes by with unbalanced quietness between the two however in the end Jackie chooses to be proficient with her profession and keeps on keeping Kevin on as her director. This endures for a spell until Kevin begins to make improper lewd gestures towards her. She attempts to dismiss it however as he proceeds with she takes steps to submit a conventional question to legitimate. He does in the end stop yet has halted all endeavors to advance her music along these lines making it extremely hard for her to proceed with her prosperity. She in the long run decides to submit a question with lawful, there is the place she runs into Leslie, the young lady that Kevin had got the situation for in legitimate. She advises her, â€Å"even I trusted you, you didn’t report this relationship which conflicts with our boss representative morals code†. So possibly she had the decision to release the issue or to submit a question which would thus have her additionally criticized. She is constrained withâ an extreme choice and in the long run chooses to sit idle. Summed up Ethical Issue on the most fundamental level The untrustworthy issue on a basic level is the director, Kevin, making improper motions towards Jackie after they had separated. Doing as such with Jackie’s defenseless situation of whether to report the issue which would accomplish more damage than anything else. Or on the other hand to disregard the issue and simply trust that Kevin would disregard her. Neither one of the options are more qualified for Jackie who for this situation is the person in question, which prompts the subject of fitting moral duty of the organization. Subtleties that are absent for the situation An outsider point of view on the subtleties of the two gatherings. More detail with regards to what allegations were being made towards Kevin and Jackie. Regardless of whether Kevin had appropriate moral preparing. Rundown of all partners who might be associated with this moral difficulty. Workers Different craftsmen Leading group of Trustees Speculators Lawful Department Clients Network Media Three partners and the worries they may have. Workers Don’t like how they are functioning for a dishonestly solid organization. Figuring how it could transpire in the event that they were placed in a similar circumstance If theâ problem was ever constructed open how might my professional stability look? Would this company’s name stain my resume? Financial specialists By what means will my portfolio look if this craftsman is to get fruitful with another maker? Will this story become open? Will my offers fall from this company’s terrible exposure? What might befall the organization viewpoint if the whole organization was to go through appropriate corporate moral preparing? Would it be able to be a triumph? Leading group of Trustees This will look terrible if the story was to made open How should will it cost to perform appropriate corporate preparing on legitimate moral conduct? Do the administrative levels should be reconsidered? Could the organization be taking a gander at a claim? Five arrangements. Perform corporate preparing at all levels looking into legitimate moral lead Fire the supervisor Exercise an undisclosed settlement Check whether another director is accessible to take her on Leave and attempt to discover triumphs somewhere else Top three arrangements with potential outcomes. 1. Perform corporate preparing at all levels, screen it and have representatives approve directing polices that are being actualized seeing unrivaled worker relations just as all other regular moral practices. Doesn’t truly take care of the current issue, might be useful for the future yet doesn’t help Jackie Company sets open recognition that their moral norms are being referred to Very convenient and exorbitant Danger of representatives losing interest/conceivable turnover of workers 2. Fire and Replace the Manager May get sued by Kevin for unfair end Jackie’s verbal dangers may proceed Episode is probably going to be made open Leading group of Trustees would need to investigate all administration positions Loss of every positive benefit that Kevin may have procured 3. Exercise an undisclosed settlement Exorbitant Sets a standard for future wrong doings May not remain calm Individual workers or potentially craftsman may practice more examination as they develop on with their activity Three Stakeholders and Top Three Solutions with two stars and two cons consequences for the Stakeholder. Make organization representatives take corporate preparing on appropriate moral conduct Will profit the company’s by and large execution Give the media something else to discuss with respect to the organization Very exorbitant Representatives may decrease to take it/conceivable worker turnover Fire and Replace the Manager Jackie would be fulfilled The organization would have an awful representative discharged Individual specialists may lose that mark Director could sue for unjust end Exercise an undisclosed sum Jackie would be glad and the issue would be settled Remains calm Exorbitant Tackles no future issues Two moral standards maintained or damaged by the best three arrangements. Make organization representatives take corporate preparing on legitimate moral conduct Gives positive uprightness to the organization For whatever length of time that the preparation gave was paid hours it shouldn’t be found in any capacity of being untrustworthy Trust and Communication Fire and Replace the Manager Neglects to satisfy moral guidelines essentially in light of the fact that insufficient data is referred to Unethical towards the representatives as some could abruptly be placed into a detriment Work out an undisclosed sum Totally dishonest from the remainder of the company’s point of view as this choice would be odd and fill no need towards the remainder of the organization Financially unscrupulous to utilize assets to fill in as a settlement instead of different motivations behind the organization Performing corporate preparing at all levels, observing it and have representatives approve controlling polices that are being actualized seeing predominant worker relations just as all other basic moral practices will give positive honesty to the organization. In the event that the preparation hours were paid and it didn’t affect every day schedule then it doesn’t appear to be unscrupulous to demand preparing hours. Terminating the chief Kevin would tackle Jackie’s issue yet just hers alone. To be reasonable which is a rule ofâ ethics is actualize a code that would profit the organization all in all. In spite of the fact that what Kevin is blamed for doing is justified of being terminated there sufficiently isn’t data for the organization to release him. Her words against his wouldn’t be sufficient to fire him. This is the reason a patch up of full corporate preparing most likely stands to be the most ideal answer for this circumstance. Choice and Implementation Recognize the best arrangement. Actualizing corporate preparing all through the whole staff of the organization perhaps work in explicit territories would be well on the way to be the most ideal arrangement. There are significantly more advantages to teaching workers on appropriate morals. A working environment where a morals code has been ingrained is a normally charming spot. Representative spirit ascends in an environment that advances great conduct and legit cooperations. Reasons why this is the best arrangement. It makes a superior air in the work environment, shows an office how to function as a group, advances moral duty, and has consistently appeared to help staff resolve. A hard working attitudes preparing program advances cooperation by imparting trust in colleagues. Individuals are bound to be amiable to cooperating when they acknowledge and regard each other. Why different arrangements were dismissed Terminating the administrator Kevin just as making an undisclosed settlement were seen as untrustworthy towards different individuals from the organization. It would not be a genuine guide to set if the organization were to single out an occurrence and act in an unpredictable manner towards that issue. There likewise wasn’t enough realities to the case to settle on the choice to fire the supervisor, Kevin. Particularly doing so realizing without a doubt it would influence different partners. Potential issues with the arrangement The organization may find that worker may gripe that they don't have to participate in preparing. An obligatory prerequisite may should be executed for all representatives. A turnover rate inside the representatives might be seen. Speculators or Board of Trustees will take a gander at all roads of the least expensive strategy for executing preparing. How might you beat these protests? Make it a necessity to accomplish a specific number of morals preparing hours. Find different roads of financing that can add to the program to ensure that representatives are accepting the best preparing. Self-incurred preparing from the administrative level is a less expensive technique to train workers. References Moral Dilemma. (n.d.). Forbes. Recovered , from http://www.forbes.com/2004/06/23/cx_da_0623topnews.html Focal points of Training Employees About Work Ethics. (n.d.). Independent company. Recovered , from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/points of interest preparing representatives hard working attitudes 44472.html Morals Training in the Workplace. (n.d.). Morals Training. Recovered , from http://www.rctm.com/ethics.htm Establishment For Ethical Awareness. (n.d.). Organization For Ethical Awareness. Recovered , from http://www.instituteforethicalawareness.org The Online Business Ethics Training Program | Ethics Training Guide. (n.d.). Morals Train

2015 EA Are We There Yet - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

2015 EA Are We There Yet - UGA Undergraduate Admissions 2015 EA Are We There Yet? Are we there yet? Admit it, you have said this phrase to your parents before-everybody has. If you are on a long car ride, the first thing you want to know is when you will arrive. And while your GPS system can give you a rough approximation, you can never tell when something unexpected will come up. Whether it is a traffic backup, multiple rest room breaks, a meal that takes longer than expected, or a missed turn, something might happen to change your expected arrival time. So while you can guess about the time you will get there, you wont know exactly until you are very close to your destination. The same thing happens in Admissions. While we have a rough time frame for the Early Action decision date, we know that there might be some odd issues that will pop up. Whether it is a new system being brought up, a problem with our software, a large increase in applications, a wave of illness in the office, or some other issue, we cannot say exactly when we will release EA decisions until we get closer to the end of the process. While our decision date is not in Far Far Away Land, I do feel like Shrek at times, saying I dont know a date yet. While I cannot give you a decision date right now, what I can do is keep you updated on this blog and through Twitter (follow me at @drgravesUGA). We are plowing ahead with reviewing the Early Action files, and we are impressed by the strength of this group, as well as the size of the pool (we have 13,291 Early Action applications, which is 1,200+ more than last year). We might not be able to let you know until we are almost at the release date, but we will try our best to keep you updated on the process. So to answer the question Are we there yet?, I can only say what most parents say, Were almost there, just be patient. Just dont make any popping noises like Donkey. Go Dawgs!

Should Condoms Be Given in Schools Essay - 745 Words

Each year there are many unwanted babies born, or even worse aborted in this country. Many which are born to young people with little or no education about condom use and sex. With a little education about condom use and safe sex many of these unnecessary pregnancies could be prevented. Many parents do not educate their children about sex; therefore the burden usually falls on the schools. Condoms should definitely be readily available in the school system, along with a Sex Education program that includes how and why to use condoms properly. Some of us have the memory of the day your mom or dad finally had that embarrassing conversation of the â€Å"birds and the bees.†Trying your hardest to pay attention to the subject at hand; but the†¦show more content†¦In a perfect world everyone would waits till marriage to have sex. This is so not a perfect world. It makes more sense to educate them about condom and sex, rather than childbirth and infants. Sexually transmit ted diseases are spread during sexual activity. Diseses can even be spread from one person to another unknowingly. The carrier could be unsystematic; no physical signs of illness and unaware that they are infected. The Sexually transmitted disease HIV can lay dormant for years. This is a preventable epidemic. â€Å"Knowledge is power†. If our schools have the opportunity to teach this information to students about condoms and sex a better effort can go forth to improve the spread of disease. Helping students to understand the importance of sexually healthy lifestyles helps make up overall good health. Pregnancy is always a possibility of sexual activity, another vital reason to have condoms available in the school systems. Condom use can greatly reduce the chances of an unplanned pregnancy. So now the question of how condoms should be distributed to the students. Should they be right out in the open in restrooms and other common areas? No, proper distribution of condoms is im portant also. Condoms are used to prevent serious medical conditions. It only makes sense that medical staff should be involved in giving the product to student. This can also ensure that if thereShow MoreRelatedResearch Paper – Sex Education in Public Schools1569 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Paper – Sex Education in Public Schools It’s been a number of days since I’ve written here, and for that I have to answer that there have been a number of projects under works that I’ve had to tend to. For now, I will take the time to show you a research paper I’ve spent most of the day writing for my Comp I class. Sex Education in Public Schools Sex education in public schools here in the United States has, for at least the past decade, supported and utilized abstinence-only sex educationRead MoreCondom Distribution in Public Schools Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesAllowing condoms to be distributed in public schools has had much controversy over the years. Many people learn about safe sex, but there are still many unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases floating around. Some schools across the United States have made it to where students are given condoms in school. On top of other alternatives, such condom distribution programs should be allowed or promoted in public schools to help reduce teen pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseasesRead MoreSurveying of Condom Distribution in High School965 Words   |  4 PagesSurveying of Condom Distribution In High School Based on a survey of condoms in High School, I have decided to write about the results and presented as a survey report. A survey was conducted at the local high school to get some of the students’ opinions on condoms being distributed in school. The following report is the results from the survey. The following questions were asked; what would it solve by putting condoms in school? Has it ever been done before? And do you think it will help? TheRead Moreschool environments, being exposed to positive values, rules and expectations, having spiritual1200 Words   |  5 Pagesschool environments, being exposed to positive values, rules and expectations, having spiritual beliefs and a sense of hope for the future. Mothiba et al (2012: 13) state that the only technology available to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV is the condom latex or polyurethane for males and females. During the late 1980s and early 1990s public education campaigns in Uganda focused on reducing the transmission of HIV through a programme called â€Å"ACB†- this programme emphasized abstinence (Abstain)Read MoreTeenage Pregnancy Essay1133 Words   |  5 Pagespregnant during their studies, they are required to terminate their studies until they have given birth and are ready to resume school. This acts as a limitation that has scared many of them who instead prefer to use contraceptives and other birth control methods such as condoms. Teachers and parents should stop pretending that teenagers are not having sex and instead come up with birth control methods like condoms which are one of the surest way to avoid pregnancies. The teenagers are mostly in theirRead MoreHIV Infections in African American Males Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesHIV is unprotected sex among heterosexual and male to male. Given the severity of the HIV, many of these adolescent choose not to use a condom as a preventive method. Many believe that they feel safe and have a long life ahead of them. Having unprotected sex is an issue that has concerned health educator for many years. Given this problem, health educators need an intervention strategy that goes beyond education to increase condom use. Although, these African- American male are fully awareRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Rates Have Reached An All Time High1565 Words   |  7 Pagesconsequence, high schools around the country have taken a decision to step up and take an action in decreasing the rate of teen pregnancy. Becoming a parent permanently and profoundly alters a teenager s life. Most of the girls forget about their dreams of happy marriage, and become mothers at an early age. College is almost always out of the question, graduating high School becomes a goal most teenage moms do not achieve. Today, there are many types of birth control found in schools across the country;Read MoreHiv, Gonorrhea, And Syphilis1434 Words   |  6 Pagespossible STD’s. St. Louis also is considered to be a condom desert. In a 2016 study completed by St. Louis University professor Enbal Shacham, she states that â€Å"out of 850 potential condom-selling establishments, only 29% sold condoms.† She goes on to talk about that when these stores did sell condoms, the majority were sold behind the counter, were individually sold at a higher price and many brands were not sold at all. Having access to condoms is an essential part in preventing STD’s and pregnancyRead MoreA Report On The Classroom930 Words   |  4 PagesConsolidated School District, who had a student present a sex ed demonstration with a cucumber and a condom, has been allowed to resume teaching. I understand that House Bill 999 clearly states, â€Å"The instruction or program (sex education) may include a discussion on condoms or contraceptives, but only if that discussion includes a factual presentation of the risks and failure rates of those contraceptives. In no case shall the instruction or program include any demonstration of how condoms or otherRead MoreShould Abstinence Only Sex Education?928 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience with this type of sex education, which is referred to as abstinence-only sex education. Students deserve a better sex education than what the abstinence-only sex education programs provide. Abstinence-only sex education should be removed from all U.S. schools and replaced with comprehensive sexuality education. Curriculum for abstinence-only sex education is restricted to heterosexuality and bares no mention homosexuality or asexuality due to the program’s affiliations with religious groups

Questions Witnesses At Hearing On Threats To Homeland...

Points from Chairman McCaul Questions Witnesses at Hearing on Threats to Homeland Security With this being a small section of the overall interview a lot was played to the bear of reality of how much still needs to be learned. With the point about our nation, intellectual property, cyber warfare, and attacks on financial institutions. This was a video recording from 2013 about situations happening during that time. Not being able to see into the future of what would happen what still needs to be learned and what has worked. With the point on Sharing information back and forth with the private sector how dose one side or the other make this workable without stepping on others feet so to say. The 1st hurdle would be forming trust between†¦show more content†¦So to successfully get the information off of a device involved in a terror attack we will inevitably arrive at this point again. We will always need to protect our boarders of this country from attack whether big or small. The point in the interview was about how do you shore up the boarders without closing them. It was brought up about the limited resources and using more of a collaborated response with government resources already working the areas. This would include the US Customs and Border Protection, Coast Guard that can be operated under the US Navy during war times and Homeland security during piece times, and the Navy. These resources are to be allocated by the risk perceived in certain areas that could change based on information. One of our biggest challenges is to keep America open and stop people that want to inflict harm to it from getting in. With this being done it was also mentioned, we should still look to other resources that are able to assist like all ocean ports to share information on what vessels are carrying and where they are headed. This also needs to be moved internationally to help identify questionable ships before getting to a United States port. How to deal with cyber attacks and hacking of public and private sector information. This seems to be on the side burner since this video. We have had an almost monthly hack into some so called safe citizen information. So like it was mentioned in theShow MoreRelatedSSD2 Module 2 Notes Essay23331 Words   |  94 PagesWithin the policy, the director wrote the following: Protecting our Nation, preventing future conflicts, and prevailing against adversaries require that the US Armed Forces sustain and extend their qualitative advantage against a very diverse set of threats and adversary capabilities. Maintaining our qualitative advantage begins with improving education programs across the Services. Our overarching goal is to educate and train the right person for the right task at the right time. We cannot wait untilRead MoreAliens : An Alien Who Arrives At The Nation s Borders7568 Words   |  31 PagesI Questions Presented 8 U.S.C. 1225(b), states that an inadmissible alien who arrives at the Nation’s borders may be subjected to detention and removal proceedings, without a bond hearing. Section 1226 (c) states, that an immigration judge or officer may detain terrorist or criminal aliens, without a bond hearing if there is suspicion that the alien has engaged in such activity. Under section 1226 (a), of the statute, if an alien demonstrates that he or she is not a danger or flight risk to theRead MoreThe Connection Between Psychotropic Drugs And Criminal Justice5455 Words   |  22 Pageshealth facility be a better option for these individuals, can they receive the rehabilitation and treatment needed in a mental health facility? What happens to these individuals once they are placed in these facilities? There are a thousand and one questions that must be answered before a mentally unstable or mentally ill individual is placed in any type of correctional institution. There are also laws that protect the mentally ill from being placed into certain institutions within the correction systemRead MoreEssay on A Conspiracy Phenomenon: Alien Abductions in the U.S.2997 Words   |  12 Pagesfamiliar parts of conspiracy culture in America. Aliens and related conspiracy theories have a symbiotic relationship to American culture; the interest begins in natural human hopes and fears, which inspires a literature, which encourages alleged witnesses to validate the stories. Next there are calls for an explanation of these strange occurrences so conspiracy theorists drive the stories deeper into American culture, involving other aspects, such as major religions and government. In turn, popularRead MoreThe Impact Of Black Friday On American Symbols, Values And Interests6556 Words   |  27 Pagesthey represented â€Å"acts of war† against the United States—and to a large extent, the attacks were â€Å"acts of war,† indeed. According to many critics, these attacks were â€Å"unprecedented† in American history in that they presented a direct, potential threat to the American territory. The gravity of the event was manifest not only in terms of the scale of the attacks, but also in terms of the â€Å"direction in which the guns were pointed.† As Chomsky explains [t]he last time the national territory of theRead Moretheme of alienation n no where man by kamala markandeya23279 Words   |  94 Pagesunwilling to use force to curb any threat to the state. He brands Polynices a traitor to the state and refuses to give him a decent burial. In this scene Creon portrays himself as a just and noble ruler, who is willing to go to any extent to protect the state. In acceptance of Creon’s edict, the Chorus asks, â€Å"Who is so fond as to be in love with death?† This rhetorical question underscores the absolute authority of the king. Creon’s speech appears to be a veiled threat to the elders. He does not wantRead MoreNfpa 100630569 Words   |  123 PagesQual VL to Professional Qualifications System Management David K. Nelson, David K. Nelson Consultants, CA [SE] Rep. TC on Wildfire Suppression Pro Qual VL to Professional Qualifications System Management William E. Peterson, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, TX [M] Rep. International Fire Service Training Association Frederick W. Piechota, Jr., National Board on Fire Service Professional Qualifications, MA [E] Richard Powell, Michigan Association of Fire Chiefs, MI [L] Rep. TC on Accreditation Read MoreNfpa 100630576 Words   |  123 PagesQual VL to Professional Qualifications System Management David K. Nelson, David K. Nelson Consultants, CA [SE] Rep. TC on Wildfire Suppression Pro Qual VL to Professional Qualifications System Management William E. Peterson, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, TX [M] Rep. International Fire Service Training Assoc iation Frederick W. Piechota, Jr., National Board on Fire Service Professional Qualifications, MA [E] Richard Powell, Michigan Association of Fire Chiefs, MI [L] Rep. TC on Accreditation Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesOrganizations Involve Employees 20 Employee Involvement Implications for HRM 20 Other HRM Challenges 21 Recession 21 Off Shoring 21 Mergers 22 A Look at Ethics 22 Summary 23 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 24 Key Terms 24 HRM Workshop 25 Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 25 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 25 Case 1: Work/Life Balance at Baxter 25 Working with a Team: Understanding Diversity Issues 25 Learning an HRM Skill: Guidelines for Acting EthicallyRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesSoftware Packages 390 IT Project Management 410 PART IV The Information Management System Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 517 Planning Information Systems Resources 519 Leading the Information Systems Function 536 Information Security 561 Social, Ethical, and Legal Issues 575 Glossary 668 Index 691 iii This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface xvii Chapter 1 Managing IT in a Digital World 1 Recent Information Technology Trends 2 Computer

The Battle for the Campaign Agenda in Britain Free Essays

string(67) " to the party leadership, and from amateurs towards professionals\." The 1997 election was a struggle, not just for votes, but also to control the campaign agenda. Significant, but contradictory, challenges faced the media, parties and the public. For journalists, the problem was how to engender any zip into the campaign. We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle for the Campaign Agenda in Britain or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ever since Black Wednesday, in September 1992, Labour had seemed assured of victory while Conservative support floundered in the doldrums. For five years, perhaps it just seemed like longer, pundits had been writing of the end of the Conservative era, bolstered by all the accumulated evidence from opinion polls, by-elections and local elections. By the start of the six-week official campaign, the horse-race story was almost lifeless. Moreover, to the dismay of leader-writers, commentators and columnists, Blair’s strategic shift towards the centre-left had removed much of the drama of serious policy conflicts between the major parties. Few issues remained where one could discern clear blue water between Labour and the Conservatives – devolution and constitutional reform, perhaps the faint ghost of trade union rights and spending priorities – but on so much the contest was a classic case of an echo not a choice. Lastly, at the outset the campaign promised tight party control, in as gaffe-free an environment as could be humanly managed. At the start the Labour party seemed insecure and sweaty despite its enormous lead in the polls, and the professional andelson machine at Millbank Tower left almost nothing to chance, as though the souffle of support might suddenly collapse. Based on their formidable track-record during the 1980s, the Conservatives had a reputation for running highly professional campaigns. Given the palpable sense of public boredom and impatience, a feeling of oh-do-lets-get-on-with-it, the challenge for journalists was to find something fresh and interesting to hold the attention of their readers and viewers. During the six week campaign there was, on average, about ten hours of regular BBC and ITN television news and current affairs programmes every weekday1, not including election specials, nor Sky News, CNN, Radio 4, Five Live, newspapers and magazines, the internet election web pages, and all the other plethora of media outlets. Something had to fill the ravenous news hole. For the public, the primary urge seemed to be to get it all over with. But voters also needed to make sense of the choice before them, when policy differences between the parties had shaded from the red-and-blue days of Thatcher v. Foot to a middle of the road wishy-washy mauve. Many issues confronting voters were complex, technical and subtle, with no easy answers: what will happen to the economy if Britain enters, or stays out, of the ERM? How can the peace process move ahead in Northern Ireland, given the intractability of all sides? Can Britain afford an effective and comprehensive health service, given ever-increasing demands on the system and spending limits accepted by all parties? These, and related, issues facing Britain have critical consequences for the lives of citizens, but they admit of no simple sound-bite panaceas. The needs of the news media and the public were at odds with those of the parties. Given their lead, the primary challenge for Labour was to manage their media environment against unexpected crises, in play-safe reactive mode. The watchword was control. Memories of the polling fiasco in 1992, and Neil Kinnock’s false expectation of victory in that campaign (â€Å"We’re allright! â€Å"), dominated strategy in 1997. The challenge for the Conservatives was to staunch grassroots morale, and even build momentum, by emphasising the positive economic performance of the government, by reassuring voters to trust Prime Minister John Major against the inexperienced and unknown Tony Blair, and by attacking Labour on the old bugaboos of taxes and trade unions. To gain traction the Conservatives had to take more risks than Labour. The challenge facing all the minor parties, but particularly the Liberal Democrats, was to avoid being squeezed by Labour’s smothering slither centre-left. Who won? The aim of this chapter is to examine this battle and evaluate the outcome. The first section sets out the long-term context by considering how campaigning has been transformed in the post-war era. The 1997 election represented another critical step, it can be argued, in the transition to the post-modern campaign in Britain, — characterised by partisan dealignment in the press, growing fragmentation in the electronic media, and strategic communications in parties. The second section goes on to analyse what was covered in the national press and television during the campaign, and whether this suggests Labour won the battle of the campaign agenda, as well as the election. Lastly, we consider how the public reacted to the coverage, whether they felt that journalists generated interesting, fair and informative coverage, and the implications of this analysis for the struggle over campaign communications. The Evolution of the Post-Modern Campaign Modernisation theory suggests that during the post-war era the political communication process has been transformed by the decline of direct linkages between citizens and parties, and the rise of mediated relationships. Swanson and Mancini argue that similar, although not identical, developments are recognisable across industrialised democracies2. In the earliest stage, the premodern campaign in Britain was characterised by the predominance of the partisan press; a loose organizational network of grassroots party volunteers in local constituencies; and a short, ad-hoc national campaign run by the party leader with a few close advisers. This period of campaigning gradually evolved in the mid-nineteenth century following the development of mass party organizations registering and mobilising the newly enfranchised electorate. Despite the introduction of wireless broadcasting in 1922, this pattern was maintained in largely identifiable form until the late fifties3. The critical watershed came in 1959, with the first television coverage of a British general election, symbolising the transition to the next stage. The evolution of the modern campaign was marked by a shift in the central location of election communications, from newspapers towards television, from the constituency grassroots to the party leadership, and from amateurs towards professionals. You read "The Battle for the Campaign Agenda in Britain" in category "Essay examples" The press entered an era of long-term decline: circulation of national newspapers peaked in the late fifties and sales have subsequently dropped by one-third (see Figure 1). The fall was sharpest among tabloids, pushing these further downmarket in the search for readers4. This fierce competition transformed the nature of the British press, producing growing sensationalism, and more journalism with attitude, while changes in ownership ratcheted the partisan balance further in the Conservative direction. One major factor contributing towards declining circulation was the rise of television. The political effects of this new technology were strongly mediated by the regulations governing broadcasting in each country. In Britain the legal framework for the BBC/ITV duopoly was suffused by a strong public service ethos which required broadcasters to maintain ‘party balance’ and impartiality in news coverage, to ‘inform, educate and entertain’ according to high standards, and to provide an agreed allocation of unpaid airtime to arty political broadcasts5. Within this familiar context, television centralised the campaign, and thereby increased the influence of the party leaders: what appeared on BBC1’s flagship 9 O’clock News and ITN’s News at Ten, and related news and current affairs studios, was the principle means by which politicians reached the vast majority of voters. To work effectively within this environment parties developed a coordinated national campaign with professional communications by specialists skilled in advertising, marketing, and polling. The ‘long campaign’ in the year or so before polling day became as important strategically as the short ‘official’ campaign. These changes did not occur overnight, nor did they displace grassroots constituency activity, as the timeless ritual of canvassing and leafletting continued. A few trusted experts in polling and political marketing became influential during the campaign in each party, such as Maurice Saatchi, Tim Bell and Gordon Reece in Conservative Central Office, but this role remained as part-time outside advisors, not integral to the process of government, nor even to campaigning which was still run by politicians. Unlike in the United States, no political marketing industry developed, in large part because the only major clients were the Labour and Conservative party leaderships: the minor parties had limited resources, while parliamentary candidates ran retail campaigns based on shoe-leather and grassroots helpers. But the net effect of television during the era of modernisation was to shift the primary focus of the campaign from the ad-hoccery of unpaid volunteers and local candidates towards the central party leadership flanked by paid, although not necessarily full-time, professionals6. Lastly in the late twentieth century Britain seems to have been experiencing the rise of the post-modern campaign, although there remains room for dispute in the interpretation of the central features of this development and its consequences. The most identifiable characteristics, evident in the 1997 campaign, include the emergence of a more autonomous, and less partisan, press following its own ‘media logic’; the growing fragmentation and diversification of electronic media outlets, programmes and audiences; and, in reaction to these developments, the attempt by parties to reassert control through strategic communications and media management during the permanent campaign. Partisan Dealignment in the Press In the post-war period parties have had long-standing and stable links with the press. In 1945 there was a rough partisan balance with about 6. 7 million readers of pro-Conservative papers and 4. 4 million readers of pro-Labour papers. This balance shifted decisively in the early 1970s, with the transformation of the left-leaning Daily Herald into the pro-Conservative Sun, and the more aggressively right-wing tone of The Times, both under Rupert Murdoch’s ownership. By 1992 the cards had become overwhelmingly stacked against the left, since the circulation of the Conservative-leaning press had risen to about 8. 7 million compared with only 3. million for Labour-leaning papers (see Figure 1). Throughout the 1980s Mrs Thatcher could campaign assured of a largely sympathetic press, which provided a loyal platform to get her message across7. One of the most striking developments of recent years has been the crumbling of these traditional press-party loyalties. The evidence comes partly from editorial policy. The Conservative press had started to turn against Mrs Thatcher in 1989-90, when the economy was in recession and her leadership became deeply unpopular, and this constant barrage of criticism probably contributed towards her eventual demise8. During the 1992 election, while the Sun and the Daily Express continued to beat the Tory drum, comment from some of the other pro-Conservative press like the Mail and The Sunday Times was more muted, and four out of eleven daily papers failed to endorse a single party9. The new government enjoyed a brief respite on returning to office but press criticism of John Major’s leadership deepened following the ERM debacle on 16th September 1992, with only the Daily Express staying loyal. Journalists continued to highlight the government’s difficulties over Europe, and internal splits over the debate on the Maastricht Treaty. By the winter of 1993, a succession of scandals involving Conservative politicians created headline news while editorials regularly denunciated the government, and particularly the Prime Minister. By the time of the July 1995 leadership challenge only the Daily Express backed John Major solidly, while the Sun, the Mail, The Times and the Telegraph all argued that it was time for him to be replaced10, an embarrassment for their leader writers given the outcome. The question, in the long run-up to the election, was whether the Tory press would return home, once the future of the Conservative government was under real threat. In the event, the 1997 election represents a historic watershed. In a major break with tradition, six out of ten national dailies, and five out of nine Sundays, endorsed the Labour party in their final editorials (see Table 1). This was twice the highest number previously, and it reversed the long-standing pro-Conservative leanings in the national press. With impeccable timing, the Sun led the way on the first day of the campaign, (THE SUN BACKS BLAIR), with a frontpage claiming Blair is a â€Å"breath of fresh air† while the Conservatives were â€Å"tired, divided and rudderless†, and its defection stole the headlines and damaged Tory morale. This change of heart came after assiduous efforts by Labour to court press support, including meetings between Blair and Rupert Murdoch, especially Blair’s visit to Australia in 1995. roughout the campaign the Sun, with ten million readers a day, provided largely unswerving support for Blair, although opposing Labour policy on Europe and the unions, and many commentators predicted that the switch, based on Murdoch’s commercial considerations rather than political affinities, would not last long11. Labour’s traditional tabloid, the Daily Mirror, with six million readers, continued its brand of centre-left journalism (â€Å"the paper for Labour’s TRUE su pporters†). On the last Sunday of the campaign, influenced by Murdoch, The News of the World decided to follow the lead of its sister paper, the Sun, and backed Labour. Among the broadsheets The Guardian called for tactical voting for the Liberal Democrats in seats where it made sense, but broadly endorsed Labour. The Independent was more restrained in its backing, casting its editorial vote for Labour â€Å"with a degree of optimism that is not entirely justified by the evidence†. The paper was clearly more anti-Tory than pro-anything. The Times advised their readers to back Eurosceptic candidates from whatever party, although, in practice, nearly all were Conservatives. Only leads in the Daily Telegraph, and the Daily Mail (â€Å"Labour bully boys are back† â€Å"Labour’s broken promises†) remained strongly in the Tory camp. Even the Daily Express was more neutral than in the past: a double-page spread was divided between Lord Hollick, its chief executive, arguing for Labour and its chairman, Lord Stevens, arguing for the Conservatives. The front-page of the election-eve Mail carried a colourful Union Jack border and the apocalyptic warning that a Labour victory could â€Å"undo 1,000 years of our nation’s history†. Yet any comparison of editorial policy probably under-estimates the balance of partisanship in news coverage during the overall campaign. For example, the Mail ostensibly endorsed the Conservatives during the campaign, but in practice it probably deeply damaged the government by headlining sexual scandals in the party, and reinforcing images of disunity with leading articles highlighting the number of Tory Eurosceptics. With friends like this, the Conservatives did not need opponents. To understand this we need to go beyond the leaders, which are rarely read, and even less heeded, to examine the broader pattern of front-page stories. The most plausible evidence for dealignment is that certain papers like the Sun, traditionally pro-Conservative, switched camps, but also that front-page stories were often so similar across all the press, driven by news values irrespective of the paper’s ostensible partisanship. Since the early 1970s fierce competition for readers has encouraged far more sensational coverage in the popular press, fuelling an endless diet of stories about ‘scandals’, (mostly sexual but also financial), infotainment, and the Royals, preferably all three. This process started when Rupert Murdoch bought the News of the World in 1968, and the Sun a year later. It accelerated in the cut-throat competition produced by the launch of the Daily Star in 1978, which sought to out-do the Sun in its relentless search for sex, investigative ‘exclusives’ about celebrities, violent crime, and graphic coverage of the bizzare. Those who thought British newspapers had reached their nadir at this point had under-estimated the soft-porn Sunday Sport, launched in 198612. The tackiness of the popular press, such as their exhaustive gossip about the goings-on of the younger Royals, gradually infected and corroded the news culture of the broadsheets as well. By the mid-1990s, the journalism of scandal trumped party loyalties, hands down. This fuelled the series of sleaze stories about senior Conservative politicians hroughout John Major’s years in government, and there was no let-up during the campaign. As documented in detail later, the first two weeks of the election were dominated by a succession of stories about corruption in public life and sexual ‘scandals’, providing a steady diet of negative news for the government which swamped their message about the economy. How to cite The Battle for the Campaign Agenda in Britain, Essay examples

When World War I Ended On November 11, 1918, Peace Talks Went On Essay

When World War I ended on November 11, 1918, peace talks went on for months due to the Allied leaders wanting to punish the enemy and dividing the spoils of war. A formal agreement to end the war was made and called the Treaty of Versailles. The issue that took the most time were the territorial issues because the empires of Russia, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman, and Germany had collapsed. These fallen empires had to be divided up and Americas President Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau of France, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and David Lloyd George of Great Britain, were the main deciders of this deal. During 1918, Russia was knocked out of the war due to military defeats and the Bolshevik Revolution. Even though Russia had not been part of the Central Powers, Germany seized much of western Russia. After many months of arguing, the four men had made western Russia into the nations of Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Poland. The Treaty of Versailles was either a treaty of peace or a vengeance for the Germans. In April of 1919, Germany was previously captured and made to wait in a small house that was surrounded with barbed wire. The Allied, who captured Germany, wanted to make a peace treaty to end the fighting. The Germans agreed, but they wanted a treaty that was based on the Fourteen Points but obviously they were not going to get it because of the way they were treated; the barbed wire was unnecessary and should have tipped them off to what lay ahead. When the treaty was first introduced to the Germans, they declined to sign it. It forced the Germans to accept full responsibility for the war and strip themselves of its colonies, coal fields, and the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. It also made them pay outrageous reparations to the Allies. Nevertheless, on June 28, 1919, the Germans reluctantly signed the treaty because the Allies refused to change one word. Out of the $33 billion dollars the Germans had to pay for damages, the country was only able to pay $4.5 billion of it. The terms of the Treaty of Versailles helped set the stage for another world war less than 20 years later because the Allied wanted to stop Germany from ever becoming imperialistic again and still have them pay the war reparations. Germany opposed these actions and was the most effected by the terms of the Versailles Treaty. Germany got the blunt end of the war and was desperate to find a new leader to get out of their depression. That leader was Adolf Hitler. World War I was won by the Allied in which a formal agreement was made called the Versailles Treaty. It both brought peace and war in the coming years. Due to the harsh life styles it forced Germany to live, World War II broke out within twenty years time from the treaty.